Fig. 6
Results of testing the effect of A. pullulans EVs on spore germination of the phytopathogenic fungi B. cinerea, C. acutatum, and P. expansum. Fresh EVs sample (7.2 × 108 (SE ± 2.9 × 107) nanoparticles/mL of culture medium) was gently mixed with 1.5 × 105 spores/mL in DPBS and then inoculated into the center of the PDA medium plate. Sterile DPBS was used as a control instead of the EVs sample. The plates were incubated at 24 °C for five days and then the size of the colonies was measured to determine whether the growth of phytopathogenic strains was reduced. The plate diameter was 90 mm