Table 2 Pathogenic species used or proposed to make mycelium materials
Species | Description (Reference) |
|---|---|
Abortiporus biennis | Heart rot [68] |
Agrocybe aegerita | Necrotrophic parasite [148] |
Bjerkandera adusta* | Pathogen on different species of trees and reported as a human pathogen [149]; Trunk rot [103] |
Botrytis cinerea* | Plant pathogen [11, 32]; Botrytis rot also known as grey mould causing stem rot, seedling wilt and fruit rot on various plant families [68]; Necrotroph, can infect more than 200 plant species [58] |
Daedaleopsis confragosa | |
Flammulina velutipes | Causes white rot and may be harmful to host plants [65]; Xylem rot on various woody plants [68]; Trunk rot [103] |
Fomes fomentarius* | Found on living and dead hardwoods [59], and can cause mottled rot and trunk rot [68]; Xylem endophyte considered to be pathogenic [40]; Necrotrophic parasite [148]; Trunk rot [103] |
Fomitiporia mediterranea | Associated with trunk diseases such as esca in grapevines [64, 65, 68] |
Fomitopsis pinicola* | Necrotrophic parasite [148]; Heart rot [59, 103] on living conifers and black cherry and decay in timber [68] |
Fusarium graminearum* | Plant pathogen, including for corn, wheat, rice and various plant families [68]; Highly destructive pathogen of all cereal species [58]; Plant pathogen and health risk for humans and animals [97] |
Fusarium oxysporum* | Plant pathogen [11, 32] and human pathogen [68]; Soil-borne pathogen that causes vascular wilt on a wide range of plants [58] |
Ganoderma applanatum | Causing heart and butt rot, pathogen in perennial crops and natural forests in India [62]; Butt rot [103]; Necrotrophic parasite [148]; Causing several types of rot in trees of multiple plant families [68] |
Ganoderma lucidum | Pathogenicity on hardwoods [66]; Pathogen in perennial crops and natural forests in India [62]; Necrotrophic parasite [148]; Butt rot and lethal root rot in trees of multiple plant families [68] |
Ganoderma resinaceum | Pathogen in perennial crops and natural forests in India [62]; Necrotrophic parasite [148]; Heart rot on various trees [68] |
Grifola frondosa | Found on roots of living trees, hardwoods and conifers [59], and can cause butt rot [68]; Root pathogen [150]; Necrotrophic parasite [148] |
Hypsizygus ulmarius | Necrotrophic parasite [148] |
Irpiciporus pachyodon | Canker and white rot (but not decay of heartwood) [68]; Necrotrophic parasite [148] |
Irpex lacteus* | Mostly strictly saprotrophic, but can cause cankers, decay and mortality of weak trees [68] |
Laetiporus sulphurous | Pathogen causing heart rot [150]; Necrotrophic parasite [148]; Rot and hollowing in living hardwoods, especially Quercus [68], and conifers [59]; Trunk rot [103] |
Lichtheimia corymbifera* | |
Mucor genevensis | Fruit rot in Carica papaya [68] |
Mucor mucedo | Rot in multiple plant families [68] |
Neofavolus alveolaris | Necrotrophic parasite [148] |
Oxyporus latemarginatus* | Pathogenicity on hardwood hosts [66] |
Phaeolus schweinitzii | Necrotrophic parasite [148]; Root and butt rot [103] on gymnosperms [68]; Found on roots of living trees [59] |
Phytophthora cinnamomi | Plant pathogen [11]; Serious pathogen of hardwood forests and various crop species [68]; pathogen for oak trees [98] |
Piptoporus betulinus | Heart rot in Betula [103] being latent present [150]; Necrotrophic parasite [148] |
Pleurotus ostreatus* | Pathogenicity on trees and nematodes [149]; Necrotrophic parasite [148]; Heart rot [103]; Can cause respiratory problems when cultivated [36, 55] |
Pleurotus cornucopiae | Necrotrophic parasite [148] |
Pleurotus eryngii | Necrotrophic parasite [148] |
Pleurotus pulmonarius | Causes distinct white rots in dead and living wood [65]; Necrotrophic parasite [148] |
Pycnoporus sanguineus* | Plant pathogen [153] |
Rhizomucor miehei | Human pathogen that can cause mycotic diseases [154] |
Rhizopus oryzae* | Root rot, fruit rot, chlorosis and wilting on various plants [68]; Human pathogen [155] |
Saksenaea vasiformis | Human and animal pathogen [152] |
Schizophyllum commune* | Xylem rot [103]; Weak pathogen on grapevine [65]; Plant pathogen invading living wound tissue and can cause rot [156]; Infection in humans [56, 151] |
Stereum hirsutum* | Necrosis, associated with esca and heart rot [68] |
Trametes trogii* | Necrotrophic parasite [148] |
Trametes hirsuta* | Wound pathogen mainly on older grapevines [65]; Opportunistic pathogen infecting through wounds [68] |
Trametes suaveolens | |
Trametes versicolor* | Pathogen on apple and other trees [149]; Opportunistic pathogen [68] |