Table 2 Overview of some metabolites obtained from filamentous fungi and yeasts.
From: Recent advances in the intellectual property landscape of filamentous fungi
Ingredient | Compound | Producing fungus | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
Enzymes | Amylase | Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae | Production of glucose syrup, bread improvement, etc. |
Invertase | Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. uvarium | Soft-centred candies, artificial honeys, confectioneries, liqueurs, etc. | |
Galactosidase | Mortierella vinaceae | Beet sugar refining | |
Lactase | Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae, Kluyveromyces marxianus, K. fragilis | Production of lactose-free milk and dairy products, upgrading cheese whey | |
Pectins | Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus spp. | Juice clarification, improvement of grape juice yield, removing coffee mucilage, etc. | |
Proteases | Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus spp. | Bread improvement, chill proofing of beer, milk coagulation, meat tenderization, etc. | |
Fatty acids | O3 and O6 | Mortierella alpina, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida lipolytica | Addition of polyunsaturated fat acids (bioactive compounds) to the composition of food and food products |
Flavouring | Blue cheese flavour | Penicillium roqueforti | Impress blue cheese flavour in food products |
Bitter almond flavour | Ischnoderma spp. | Impress almond flavour in food products | |
Roselike odor | Saccharomyces spp., Kluyveromyces spp. | General food flavouring | |
Fruity, nutty, and fatty odor | Candida lipolytica, Pichia ohmeri | General food flavouring | |
Organic acids | Citric acid | Aspergillus niger, Candida lipolytica | Soft drinks, jams, jellies, candies, frozen fruits, dairy products, wine, etc. |
Gluconic acid | Aspergillus niger | Cleansing milk, beer and soft drinks bottles, baking products, etc. | |
Pigments and vitamins | Beta-carotene | Blakeslea trispora | Orange-red food colorants, vitamin A precursor and antioxidant |
Lycopene | Blakeslea trispora | Red food colorant and bioactive compound | |
Monascus pigments | Monascus spp. | Spice and yellow, orange and red food colorants in Asia, meet preservatives | |
Natural red | Penicillium oxalicum | Red food colorant | |
Riboflavin | Ashbya gossypii | Yellow colorant and B2 vitamin |