Fig. 2

EVs are abundantly produced by viable Z. tritici cultures but not heat-treated cultures. a–c TEM of samples prepared using differential ultracentrifugation from a medium-only control culture, untreated and heat-treated Z. tritici cultures, respectively. Scale bars represent 500 nm. d Nanoparticle tracking analysis of the corresponding samples: plots represent the mean particle concentration per mL of culture filtrate versus particle size (nm), with each size distribution averaged over three technical replicates. The mean and modal particle size for the untreated condition ranged from 135.7–168.0 nm and 109.7–134.1 nm, respectively. Mean and modal size of particles in the heat-treated condition were 125.1–129.3 nm and 93.0–102.5 nm, respectively. Shading along the size distributions represents the standard error of each plotted value