Fig. 4
From: Itaconic acid degradation in Aspergillus niger: the role of unexpected bioconversion pathways
Hypothetical model of IA bioconversion in A. niger. Itaconate bioconversion presumably takes place in the mitochondrion where itaconate is converted to itaconyl-CoA by action of IctA and further hydrated to citramalyl-CoA by IchA. CclA facilitates the final conversion of citramalyl-CoA into pyruvate and acetyl-CoA. Concomitantly an parallel pathway can convert itaconate into 1-methyl itaconate